School Watching sebagai Instrumen Diagnosis Pengkajian Risiko Bencana Partisipatif pada Satuan Pendidikan: Studi di SMAN 57 Jakarta

Tasril Mulyadi; Ilham Badaruddin Mataburu; Sony Nugratama Hijrawadi

doi:10.61132/arjuna.v4i4.3120

Authors

Tasril Mulyadi Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Ilham Badaruddin Mataburu Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Sony Nugratama Hijrawadi Universitas Negeri Jakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61132/arjuna.v4i4.3120

Keywords:

Disaster Risk, Disaster-Resilient Schools, Educational Units, Participatory Mapping, School Watching

Abstract

Disaster-safe schools require more than awareness campaigns; they need a school-level mechanism that converts everyday observations into risk information and actionable priorities. This study examines the use of school watching as a participatory disaster-risk diagnosis instrument at SMAN 57 Jakarta. A descriptive-participatory design with semi-quantitative scoring was applied between October 2023 and May 2024. Field evidence was generated through school watching, direct observation, documentation, interviews, participatory mapping, and group discussion. Forty-four student respondents aged 15-18 years were quantitatively described, while the participatory workshops involved a broader school-community setting. Hazard, vulnerability, and capacity scores were integrated into disaster-risk values. Flood, fire, and earthquake were identified as the main hazards, with hazard scores of 16, 12, and 9, respectively. School vulnerability was moderate (2.0), whereas capacity was high (9). The resulting risk values were 3.5 for flood, 2.6 for fire, and 2.0 for earthquake, all categorized as low. Nevertheless, school watching identified concrete micro-scale safety issues involving electrical installations, building elements, unsecured furniture, evacuation routes, fire extinguishers, drainage, first-aid access, and emergency information. The study contributes by positioning school watching not only as a disaster-education method but as an operational bridge between participatory observation, risk scoring, and school action planning. This approach can strengthen Disaster Safe Education Unit implementation through periodic, evidence-based risk review.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Amri, A., Lassa, J. A., Tebe, Y., Hanifa, N. R., Kumar, J., & Sagala, S. (2022). Pathways to disaster risk reduction education integration in schools: Insights from SPAB evaluation in Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 73, 102860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102860

Bachri, S., Hakiki, A. R. R., Wibowo, N. A., Sumarmi, Amini, R., Yosritzal, & Nursaribilah, E. (2024). Developing an education support system for disaster management through an ethnoscience-based digital disaster learning module. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 100, 104214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104214

Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana. (2012). Peraturan Kepala BNPB Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Umum Pengkajian Risiko Bencana. Jakarta: BNPB.

Benardi, A. I., Sumarmi, Budijanto, Bachri, S., Atta-Ur-Rahman, & Wulandari, F. (2023). Disaster preparedness in proximity of Merapi Volcano, Indonesia: Is there any relationship in knowledge and attitude of senior high school students? International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 13(2), 245-254. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.130207

Cabatay, M. M., & Baraan-Gonzales, H. (2024). Disaster prevention and risk reduction education implementation in special education schools in Indonesia: Teachers’ challenges, strategies, and recommendations. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Indonesia, 12(1), 216-231. https://doi.org/10.24815/jpsi.v12i1.35191

Chet, C., Sok, S., Chen, T., Sou, V., & Chey, C. O. (2023). Pupil participation in the comprehensive school safety framework at primary schools in Stung Streng province, Cambodia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 96, 103932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103932

Desilia, N. R., Lassa, J., & Oktari, R. S. (2023). Integrating disaster education into school curriculum in Indonesia: A scoping review. International Journal of Disaster Management, 6(2), 263-274. https://doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v6i2.34867

Fandayati, I., Wahyuni, P., Nugroho, A. R. B., Paripurno, E. T., Prasetya, J. D., & Kurniawan, F. A. (2024). Optimalisasi penilaian mandiri satuan pendidikan aman bencana (SPAB) dalam mendorong kesiapan menghadapi bencana gempa bumi di kawasan Sesar Opak Kabupaten Bantul. Indonesian Journal of Environment and Disaster, 3(1), 68–85. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijed.v3i1.1151

Garibay Rubio, C. R., Yamori, K., Nakano, G., Marín Cambranis, R. H., Ortiz Torres, J. A., Ávila Zepeda, A. P., ... Peralta Gutiérrez, A. R. (2024). Theoretical and practical considerations in the creation of a disaster risk reduction educational strategy at the primary education level: A case study of Mexico City. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 105, 104320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104320

Gürhan, A., & Yağbasan, Ö. (2024). The effect of geographical information systems (GIS) supported geography education on disaster risk awareness. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 11(4), 21-34. https://www.iojet.org/index.php/IOJET/article/view/2151

Handoyo, B., Soekamto, H., Putra, A. K., Kamil, P. A., & Wulandari, F. (2024). Disaster preparedness: The role of spatial disaster learning using geospatial technology. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 16(1), a1576. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v16i1.1576

Harada, T., Shoji, M., & Takafuji, Y. (2023). Intergenerational spillover effects of school-based disaster education: Evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 85, 103505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103505

Hasbi, S., Hanim, Z., & Husain, S. B. (2023). The implementation optimization of school development plan in flood disaster mitigation policy in tropical rainforest (Case study at State Junior High School 5 Samarinda). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 7(1), 100440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100440

Hawa, N. N., Zakaria, S. Z. S., Razman, M. R., Majid, N. A., Taib, A. M., & Emrizal. (2023). Element of disaster risk reduction in geography education in Malaysia. Sustainability, 15(2), 1326. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021326

Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. (2020). Panduan fasilitasi Satuan Pendidikan Aman Bencana (SPAB). Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

Khusnani, A., Husein, R., Jufriansah, A., Thalo, O. W. J., Rahmawati, K. D., Fitri, M., & Adina, C. A. (2023). Identification of understanding of disaster preparedness in the school environment. Indonesian Journal on Learning and Advanced Education (IJOLAE), 5(3), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.23917/ijolae.v5i3.22974

Kuncoro, W. A., Ika, A. R., Amri, A., Chen, J.-W., & Purwana, R. (2026). School type and disaster preparedness: Evaluation of Disaster Safe Educational Unit Program implementation in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. Public Health Nursing, 43(5), 1190-1199. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.70135

Kurniawan, F. A., Fauziah, R. N., & Rohmatulloh, D. P. A. (2024). Relevansi dan peran kurikulum merdeka dalam meningkatkan pemahaman siswa tentang krisis global warming. Indonesian Journal of Environment and Disaster, 3(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijed.v3i1.1074

Kurniawan, F. A., Prasetya, J. D., & Maharani, Y. N. (2021). Kesiapsiagaan sekolah dalam menghadapi bencana erupsi Gunung Merapi studi kasus di SMP Negeri 2 Cangkringan dan SMP Sunan Kalijogo Cangkringan Kabupaten Sleman. KONSTELASI: Konvergensi Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi, 1(1), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.24002/konstelasi.v1i1.4310

Lassa, J. A., Amri, A., Tebe, Y., Towers, B., & Haynes, K. (2023). Exploring NGOs-government collaboration strategies in institutionalising child-centred disaster resilience and climate change adaptation. Progress in Disaster Science, 18, 100284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2023.100284

Logayah, D. S., Maryani, E., Ruhimat, M., & Wiyanarti, E. (2023). Understanding disaster literacy level in Indonesia: How can students understand natural disasters? AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(4), 4962-4971. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i4.3648

Marlyono, S. G., & Triyanto, S. A. (2023). Comparison of preparedness levels of high school students in facing disasters in West Java Province. Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Sosial, 32(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpis.v32i1.55969

Meilianingsih, L., & Sugiyanto, S. (2022). Pengaruh metode school watching terhadap kesiapsiagaan siswa SD dalam menghadapi bencana di Kecamatan Cicendo Kota Bandung. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Poltekkes Depkes Bandung, 14(2), 270-278. https://doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v14i2.2042

Mutanda, G. W., & Ngcamu, B. S. (2026). Disaster risk reduction in schools: A systematic review of the implementation strategies and challenges. Frontiers in Sustainability, 7, 1795059. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2026.1795059

Muzani, M., Fatimah, A. N., Imsa, M. A., & Casmana, A. R. (2022). The obstacles hierarchy of school disaster preparedness implementation in Mount Sinabung area, Indonesia. Frontiers in Education, 7, 842990. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.842990

Nakum, V. K., Ahamed, M. S., Isetani, S., Chatterjee, R., Shaw, R., & Soma, H. (2022). Developing a framework on school resilience for risk-informed decision-making. Progress in Disaster Science, 15, 100237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2022.100237

Newnham, E. A., Dzidic, P. L., & Kelly, L. M. (2023). Child disaster resilience in action: Post-bushfire qualitative perspectives on a school-based preparedness program. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 96, 103925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103925

Noviana, E., Syahza, A., Putra, Z. H., Hadriana, Yustina, Erlinda, S., Putri, D. R., Rusandi, M. A., & Situmorang, D. D. B. (2023). Why is didactic transposition in disaster education needed by prospective elementary school teachers? Heliyon, 9(4), e15413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15413

Novyanti, Y., Rahmayanti, H., & Widiasanti, I. (2024). Overview of understanding and preparedness for earthquakes in the perspective of vocational high school students. Jurnal Pensil: Pendidikan Teknik Sipil, 13(1), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.21009/jpensil.v13i1.38104

Nur’aeni, A., Ilham, S. N. P., Raihani, N., Puspitasari, R. D., Fauziyah, N. A., & Oruga, M. D. (2023). Education methods to improve earthquake preparedness among students: A literature review. Media Karya Kesehatan, 6(1), 61-77. https://doi.org/10.24198/mkk.v6i1.46209

Pal, A., Tsusaka, T. W., Nguyen, T. P. L., & Ahmad, M. M. (2023). Assessment of vulnerability and resilience of school education to climate-induced hazards: A review. Development Studies Research, 10(1), 2202826. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2023.2202826

Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Program Satuan Pendidikan Aman Bencana. (2019).

Rana, I. A., Niazi, I. U. H. K., Khalid, Z., Nawaz, A., & Najam, F. A. (2023). A novel framework to assess multidimensional disaster resilience of children: From conceptualization to quantification. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 96, 103914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103914

Ruswanto, & Atmojo, S. E. (2023). SETS (Science, Environment, Technology, and Society) based disaster learning on elementary school students’ disaster literacy and resilience. International Journal of Elementary Education, 7(4), 576-585. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v7i4.67651

Salaka, S. A., & S, I. (2025). Earthquake preparedness for disabled students using the school watching approach. Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 7(1), 929-938. https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v7i1.5295

Septikasari, Z., Retnowati, H., & Wilujeng, I. (2022). Pendidikan pencegahan dan pengurangan risiko bencana (PRB) sebagai strategi ketahanan sekolah dasar dalam penanggulangan bencana. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 28(1), 120-143. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkn.74412

Setioputro, B., Nabilah, W. R., Apriliani, N., Yunanto, R. A., & Haristiani, R. (2025). School-based program for improving disaster preparedness among Indonesian adolescents in earthquake risk area: A randomized control trial. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 54(5), 974-984. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v54i5.18632

Sheehy, K., Vackova, P., van Manen, S., Saragih Turnip, S., Rofiah, K., & Twiner, A. (2024). Inclusive disaster risk reduction education for Indonesian children. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 28(11), 2529-2545. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2022.2115156

Sibualamu, K. Z., Ernawati, E., Wahdini, R., Chairunisa, R., Saragih, D. B., Kusmayanti, E., & Mustafa, S. R. (2024). Kesiapsiagaan dan tanggap darurat bencana pada siswa di sekolah: A scoping review. KOSALA: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 12(2), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.37831/kjik.v12i2.354

Suarmika, P. E., Arnyana, I. B. P., Suastra, I. W., & Margunayasa, I. G. (2022). Reconstruction of disaster education: The role of indigenous disaster mitigation for learning in Indonesian elementary schools. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 72, 102874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102874

Syaifulloh, M., Soekamto, H., Wagistina, S., & Utomo, D. H. (2023). Pengurangan risiko bencana: Korelasi pengetahuan dan kesiapsiagaan siswa sekolah menengah atas di Kota Batu. Geoedusains: Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi, 4(1), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.30872/geoedusains.v4i1.1940

Tong, T. M. T., Sakurai, A., Shaw, R., Nguyen, N. H., Nguyen, T. H., Do, K. T., & Kieu, T. K. (2024). Assessment of comprehensive school safety in Vietnam: From policy to practice. Progress in Disaster Science, 24, 100364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100364

Triyono, T., & Kusumawati, T. (2011). Mengenal lingkungan sekolah sebagai antisipasi terhadap bencana dengan school watching. Jakarta: LIPI Press.

Utami, W. A., Adhi, M. H. P., Suparti, S., & Fitriana, N. F. (2024). Pengaruh metode school watching terhadap pengetahuan kesiapsiagaan gempa bumi pada siswa sekolah dasar di SDN 2 Sokaraja Kulon. Jurnal Keperawatan Suaka Insan (JKSI), 9(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.51143/jksi.v9i2.722

Wang, Z., Han, Z., & Li, Y. (2023). The interplay between school preparedness and student’s individual protective actions: The mediating role of disaster education. Sustainability, 15(20), 14888. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014888

Widowati, E., Koesyanto, H., Istiono, W., Sutomo, A. H., & Sugiharto. (2023). Disaster preparedness and safety school as a conceptual framework of comprehensive school safety. SAGE Open, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231211209

Wulandari, F., Budijanto, Bachri, S., & Utomo, D. H. (2023). The relationship between knowledge and disaster preparedness of undergraduates responding to forest fires. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 15(1), a1408. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v15i1.1408

Yildiz, A., Dickinson, J., Priego-Hernández, J., & Teeuw, R. (2023). Children’s disaster knowledge, risk perceptions, and preparedness: A cross-country comparison in Nepal and Turkey. Risk Analysis, 43(4), 747-761. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13937

Yildiz, A., Dickinson, J., Priego-Hernández, J., Teeuw, R., & Shaw, R. (2024). Effects of disaster education on children’s risk perception and preparedness: A quasi-experimental longitudinal study. The Geographical Journal, 190(2), e12556. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12556